| Asafoetida | A bitter resin with an onion like smell. |
| Caroenum | A very sweet wine boiled until it is a third of the original volume, then mixed with honey. |
| Defritum | Either a thick fIg syrup, or must that's boiled until you have only a third of the amount with which you started. |
| Liebstoeckl | A plant with yellow flowers and is a kind of celery. |
| Liquamen | A salty fish sauce. Most of the time you can replace it by salt. |
| Passum | Very sweet wine sauce, made by boiling the must. |
| Pennyroyal | Eurasian plant with hairy leaves and small mauve flowers, yielding an aromatic oil |
| Poleiminze | A kind of mint. |
| Saturei | A violet or white flowered plant that grows mainly in Southern Europe, and is used as a spice plant, especially for bean dishes. |
| Silphium | an onion and garlic substitute that should be used rather sparingly because of its very strong taste and smell. |
| Spikenard | An aromatic plant with small leaves and red-purple flowers. |
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